Rename directories, remove extra test dir

13 files changed, 2115 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/R/DESCRIPTION b/R/DESCRIPTION
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..141743a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/DESCRIPTION
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Package: SyncRNG
+Version: 1.3.0
+Date: 2017-12-15
+Title: A Synchronized Tausworthe RNG for R and Python
+Author: Gertjan van den Burg <gertjanvandenburg@gmail.com>
+Maintainer: Gertjan van den Burg <gertjanvandenburg@gmail.com>
+Depends:
+    R (>= 3.0.0)
+Description: Random number generation designed for cross-language usage.
+License: GPL-2
+Imports:
+    methods
+Suggests:
+    testthat
+RoxygenNote: 7.1.1
diff --git a/R/NAMESPACE b/R/NAMESPACE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..052e9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/NAMESPACE
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+
+export(SyncRNG)
+exportClasses(SyncRNG)
+import(methods)
+importFrom(methods,new)
+useDynLib(SyncRNG, .registration = TRUE)
diff --git a/R/NEWS.md b/R/NEWS.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b038d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/NEWS.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# SyncRNG 1.3.0
+
+* Allows using SyncRNG as a user-supplied random number generator in R. This 
+  enables using the functions ``runif`` and ``rnorm``.
diff --git a/R/R/SyncRNG.R b/R/R/SyncRNG.R
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7176b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/R/SyncRNG.R
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+library(methods)
+
+#' A Reference Class for SyncRNG
+#' 
+#' See \link{syncrng-package} for package documentation.
+#'
+#' @field seed The seed for the random number generator
+#' @field state The current state of the RNG, should not be modified by the 
+#' user
+#'
+#' @useDynLib SyncRNG, .registration = TRUE
+#' @export SyncRNG
+#' @exportClass SyncRNG
+#' @importFrom methods new
+#'
+#' @examples
+#' s <- SyncRNG(seed=123456)
+#' for (i in 1:10)
+#'   cat(s$randi(), '\n')
+#'
+SyncRNG <- setRefClass('SyncRNG',
+	fields=list(
+		    seed='numeric',
+		    state='numeric'
+		    ),
+	methods=list(
+		initialize=function(..., seed=0) {
+			"Initialize the RNG using the C function R_syncrng_seed"
+			seed <<- seed
+			tmp <- .Call('R_syncrng_seed',
+			     as.numeric(seed))
+			state <<- tmp[1:4]
+			callSuper(...)
+		},
+		randi=function() {
+			"Generate a single random 32-bit integer"
+			tmp <- .Call('R_syncrng_rand',
+				     as.numeric(state))
+			state <<- tmp[1:4]
+			return(tmp[5])
+		},
+		rand=function() {
+			"Generate a single random float in the range [0, 1)"
+			r <- randi()
+			return (r * 2.3283064365387e-10)
+		},
+		randbelow=function(n) {
+			"Generate a random integer below a given number"
+			maxsize <- 2^32
+			if (n >= maxsize) {
+				warning(paste("Underlying random generator ",
+					     "does not supply\n enough bits ",
+					     "to choose from a population ",
+					     "range this large.\n"))
+				return(round(rand() * n))
+			}
+			rem <- maxsize %% n
+			limit <- (maxsize - rem) / maxsize
+			r <- rand()
+			while (r >= limit)
+				r <- rand()
+			return(round(r*maxsize) %% n)
+		},
+		shuffle=function(x) {
+			"Randomly shuffle a provided array of values"
+			y <- x
+			for (i in rev(1:(length(y)-1))) {
+				j <- randbelow(i+1)
+				tmp <- y[i+1]
+				y[i+1] <- y[j+1]
+				y[j+1] <- tmp
+			}
+			return(y)
+		}
+		)
+	)
diff --git a/R/R/syncrng-package.R b/R/R/syncrng-package.R
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..949401d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/R/syncrng-package.R
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#' @title SyncRNG - Synchronized Random Numbers in R and Python
+#' 
+#' @description 
+#' The SyncRNG package provides a random number generator implemented in C and 
+#' linked to both R and Python. This way, you can generate the same random 
+#' number sequence in both languages by using the same seed.
+#'
+#' The package implements a Tausworthe LSFR RNG (more details at 
+#' \url{https://gertjanvandenburg.com/blog/syncrng/}). This is a very fast 
+#' pseudo-random number generator.
+#'
+#' @section Usage:
+#' There are two ways to use this package in R. It can be used as a reference 
+#' class, where a SyncRNG object is used to keep the state of the generator and 
+#' numbers are generated using the object methods. It can also be used as a 
+#' user-defined random number generator using the strategy outlined in 
+#' .Random.user. See the examples section below.
+#'
+#' @author
+#' Gerrit J.J. van den Burg\cr
+#' Maintainer: Gerrit J.J. van den Burg <gertjanvandenburg@gmail.com>
+#'
+#' @references
+#' URL: \url{https://github.com/GjjvdBurg/SyncRNG}
+#'
+#' @examples
+#' library(SyncRNG)
+#'
+#' # As user defined RNG:
+#'
+#' set.seed(0, 'user', 'user')
+#' runif(2)
+#' # [1] 3.666952e-04 6.257184e-05
+#' set.seed(0, 'user', 'user')
+#' rnorm(2)
+#' # [1] 0.01006027 0.42889422
+#'
+#' # As class:
+#'
+#' s <- SyncRNG(seed=0)
+#' s$rand()
+#' # [1] 0.0003666952
+#' s$rand()
+#' # [1] 6.257184e-05
+#'
+#' @name syncrng-package
+#' @docType package
+#' @import methods
+NULL
+#>NULL
diff --git a/R/cran-comments.md b/R/cran-comments.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f984f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/cran-comments.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+## Test environments
+* local Arch Linux install, R 3.4.3
+* win-builder (devel and release)
+
+## R CMD check results
+There were no ERRORs or WARNINGs.
+
+There was 1 NOTE:
+
+* checking CRAN incoming feasibility ... NOTE
+Maintainer: 'Gertjan van den Burg <gertjanvandenburg@gmail.com>'
+
+Possibly mis-spelled words in DESCRIPTION:
+  RNG (4:34)
+  Tausworthe (4:23)
+
+  RNG is a common abbreviation and Tausworthe is a name.
diff --git a/R/man/SyncRNG-class.Rd b/R/man/SyncRNG-class.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92316da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/man/SyncRNG-class.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/SyncRNG.R
+\docType{class}
+\name{SyncRNG-class}
+\alias{SyncRNG-class}
+\alias{SyncRNG}
+\title{A Reference Class for SyncRNG}
+\description{
+See \link{syncrng-package} for package documentation.
+}
+\section{Fields}{
+
+\describe{
+\item{\code{seed}}{The seed for the random number generator}
+
+\item{\code{state}}{The current state of the RNG, should not be modified by the 
+user}
+}}
+
+\section{Methods}{
+
+\describe{
+\item{\code{initialize(..., seed = 0)}}{Initialize the RNG using the C function R_syncrng_seed}
+
+\item{\code{rand()}}{Generate a single random float in the range [0, 1)}
+
+\item{\code{randbelow(n)}}{Generate a random integer below a given number}
+
+\item{\code{randi()}}{Generate a single random 32-bit integer}
+
+\item{\code{shuffle(x)}}{Randomly shuffle a provided array of values}
+}}
+
+\examples{
+s <- SyncRNG(seed=123456)
+for (i in 1:10)
+  cat(s$randi(), '\n')
+
+}
diff --git a/R/man/syncrng-package.Rd b/R/man/syncrng-package.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8cfe02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/man/syncrng-package.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/syncrng-package.R
+\docType{package}
+\name{syncrng-package}
+\alias{syncrng-package}
+\title{SyncRNG - Synchronized Random Numbers in R and Python}
+\description{
+The SyncRNG package provides a random number generator implemented in C and 
+linked to both R and Python. This way, you can generate the same random 
+number sequence in both languages by using the same seed.
+
+The package implements a Tausworthe LSFR RNG (more details at 
+\url{https://gertjanvandenburg.com/blog/syncrng/}). This is a very fast 
+pseudo-random number generator.
+}
+\section{Usage}{
+
+There are two ways to use this package in R. It can be used as a reference 
+class, where a SyncRNG object is used to keep the state of the generator and 
+numbers are generated using the object methods. It can also be used as a 
+user-defined random number generator using the strategy outlined in 
+.Random.user. See the examples section below.
+}
+
+\examples{
+library(SyncRNG)
+
+# As user defined RNG:
+
+set.seed(0, 'user', 'user')
+runif(2)
+# [1] 3.666952e-04 6.257184e-05
+set.seed(0, 'user', 'user')
+rnorm(2)
+# [1] 0.01006027 0.42889422
+
+# As class:
+
+s <- SyncRNG(seed=0)
+s$rand()
+# [1] 0.0003666952
+s$rand()
+# [1] 6.257184e-05
+
+}
+\references{
+URL: \url{https://github.com/GjjvdBurg/SyncRNG}
+}
+\author{
+Gerrit J.J. van den Burg\cr
+Maintainer: Gerrit J.J. van den Burg <gertjanvandenburg@gmail.com>
+}
diff --git a/R/src/_syncrng.c b/R/src/_syncrng.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd1612a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/src/_syncrng.c
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+#ifdef TARGETPYTHON
+#include "Python.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef TARGETPYTHON
+#define STRICT_R_HEADERS
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <R.h>
+#include <Rinternals.h>
+#include <R_ext/Random.h>
+#include <R_ext/Rdynload.h>
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @brief Generate a single random number using the capped Tausworthe RNG
+ *
+ * @details
+ * This generates random numbers according to the process described in [1]. As 
+ * an additional step, the resulting random number is capped to 0xFFFFFFFF 
+ * using a bitwise and. This is done to yield the range [0, 2^32-1]. On 
+ * return, the state variables are updated.
+ *
+ * [1]: @article{l1996maximally,
+ *   title={Maximally equidistributed combined Tausworthe generators},
+ *   author={L’ecuyer, Pierre},
+ *   journal={Mathematics of Computation of the American Mathematical 
+ *   Society},
+ *   volume={65},
+ *   number={213},
+ *   pages={203--213},
+ *   year={1996}
+ *   }
+ *
+ * @param[in,out] state 	pointer to current state array
+ *
+ * @return a generated random number
+ */
+uint32_t lfsr113(uint64_t **state)
+{
+	uint64_t z1, z2, z3, z4;
+	uint64_t b;
+
+	z1 = (*state)[0];
+	z2 = (*state)[1];
+	z3 = (*state)[2];
+	z4 = (*state)[3];
+
+	b = (((z1 << 6) ^ z1) >> 13);
+	z1 = (((z1 & 4294967294) << 18) ^ b);
+
+	b = (((z2 << 2) ^ z2) >> 27);
+	z2 = (((z2 & 4294967288) << 2) ^ b);
+
+	b = (((z3 << 13) ^ z3) >> 21);
+	z3 = (((z3 & 4294967280) << 7) ^ b);
+
+	b = (((z4 << 3) ^ z4) >> 12);
+	z4 = (((z4 & 4294967168) << 13) ^ b);
+
+	b = (z1 ^ z2 ^ z3 ^ z4);
+
+	(*state)[0] = z1;
+	(*state)[1] = z2;
+	(*state)[2] = z3;
+	(*state)[3] = z4;
+
+	b = b & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+	return((uint32_t) b);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Seed the Tausworthe RNG using a seed value
+ *
+ * @details
+ * This function seeds the state array using a supplied seed value. As noted 
+ * in [1] (see lfsr113()), the values of z1, z2, z3, and z4 should be larger 
+ * than 1, 7, 15, and 127 respectively.
+ *
+ * @param[in] seed 	user supplied seed value for the RNG
+ * @param[out] state  	state of the RNG
+ */
+void lfsr113_seed(uint32_t seed, uint64_t **state)
+{
+	uint64_t z1 = 2,
+		 z2 = 8,
+		 z3 = 16,
+		 z4 = 128;
+
+	z1 = (z1 * (seed + 1));
+	z2 = (z2 * (seed + 1));
+	z3 = (z3 * (seed + 1));
+	z4 = (z4 * (seed + 1));
+
+	z1 = (z1 > 1) ? z1 : z1 + 1;
+	z2 = (z2 > 7) ? z2 : z2 + 7;
+	z3 = (z3 > 15) ? z3 : z3 + 15;
+	z4 = (z4 > 127) ? z4 : z4 + 127;
+
+	if (*state == NULL) {
+		(*state) = malloc(sizeof(uint64_t)*4);
+	}
+
+	(*state)[0] = z1;
+	(*state)[1] = z2;
+	(*state)[2] = z3;
+	(*state)[3] = z4;
+}
+
+#ifdef TARGETPYTHON
+/*
+ *
+ * Start of Python code
+ *
+ */
+
+static PyObject *_syncrng_seed(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	uint32_t seed;
+	uint64_t *state = NULL;
+
+	PyObject *dblObj;
+
+	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O", &dblObj))
+		return NULL;
+
+	seed = (uint32_t) PyLong_AsLong(dblObj);
+	lfsr113_seed(seed, &state);
+
+	PyObject *pystate = Py_BuildValue("[d, d, d, d, d]",
+			(double) state[0],
+			(double) state[1],
+			(double) state[2],
+			(double) state[3],
+			 -1.0);
+	free(state);
+	return pystate;
+}
+
+static PyObject *_syncrng_rand(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	int i;
+	uint32_t rand;
+	uint64_t *localstate = malloc(sizeof(uint64_t) * 4);
+
+	PyObject *listObj;
+	PyObject *dblObj;
+
+	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O!", &PyList_Type, &listObj))
+		return NULL;
+
+	for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
+		dblObj = PyList_GetItem(listObj, i);
+		localstate[i] = (uint64_t) PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(dblObj);
+	}
+
+	rand = lfsr113(&localstate);
+
+	PyObject *pystate = Py_BuildValue("[d, d, d, d, d]",
+			(double) localstate[0],
+			(double) localstate[1],
+			(double) localstate[2],
+			(double) localstate[3],
+			(double) rand);
+	free(localstate);
+	return pystate;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef SyncRNGMethods[] = {
+	{"seed", _syncrng_seed, METH_VARARGS,
+		"Seed the RNG."},
+	{"rand", _syncrng_rand, METH_VARARGS,
+		"Generate a single random integer using SyncRNG."},
+	{NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
+};
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+	static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = {
+		PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+		"_syncrng",
+		"Python interface to SyncRNG",
+		-1,
+		SyncRNGMethods,
+		NULL,
+		NULL,
+		NULL,
+		NULL
+	};
+#endif
+
+
+static PyObject *
+moduleinit(void)
+{
+	PyObject *m;
+
+	#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+	m = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
+	#else
+	m = Py_InitModule3("_syncrng", SyncRNGMethods,
+			"Python interface to SyncRNG");
+	#endif
+
+	return m;
+}
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+PyMODINIT_FUNC
+PyInit__syncrng(void)
+{
+	return moduleinit();
+}
+#else
+PyMODINIT_FUNC
+init_syncrng(void)
+{
+	moduleinit();
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef TARGETPYTHON
+
+/*
+ *
+ * Start of R code
+ *
+ */
+
+SEXP R_syncrng_seed(SEXP seed);
+SEXP R_syncrng_rand(SEXP state);
+
+R_CallMethodDef callMethods[] = {
+	{"R_syncrng_seed", (DL_FUNC) &R_syncrng_seed, 1},
+	{"R_syncrng_rand", (DL_FUNC) &R_syncrng_seed, 1},
+	{NULL, NULL, 0}
+};
+R_CMethodDef cMethods[] = {
+	{NULL, NULL, 0}
+};
+
+void R_init_myLib(DllInfo *info)
+{
+	R_registerRoutines(info, cMethods, callMethods, NULL, NULL);
+	R_useDynamicSymbols(info, TRUE);
+}
+
+// Set the seed for the generator from the reference class
+SEXP R_syncrng_seed(SEXP seed)
+{
+	int i;
+	double *pseed = REAL(seed),
+	       *pstate = NULL;
+	uint32_t useed = (uint32_t) *pseed;
+	uint64_t *state = NULL;
+
+	lfsr113_seed(useed, &state);
+
+	SEXP Rstate = PROTECT(allocVector(REALSXP, 5));
+	pstate = REAL(Rstate);
+	for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
+		pstate[i] = (double) state[i];
+	}
+	pstate[4] = -1.0;
+	free(state);
+
+	UNPROTECT(1);
+	return Rstate;
+}
+
+// get a random number from the reference class
+SEXP R_syncrng_rand(SEXP state)
+{
+	uint64_t *localstate = malloc(sizeof(uint64_t)*4);
+	double *pstate = REAL(state);
+	int i;
+	for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
+		localstate[i] = (uint64_t) pstate[i];
+	}
+
+	uint32_t rand = lfsr113(&localstate);
+
+	SEXP Rstate = PROTECT(allocVector(REALSXP, 5));
+	pstate = REAL(Rstate);
+
+	for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
+		pstate[i] = (double) localstate[i];
+	}
+	pstate[4] = (double) rand;
+	UNPROTECT(1);
+
+	free(localstate);
+
+	return Rstate;
+}
+
+/*
+ * The following code is used to make SyncRNG a real "user-defined" RNG 
+ * follwing .Random.user documentation.
+ *
+ */
+
+static uint32_t global_R_seed;
+static uint32_t global_R_nseed = 1;
+static double global_R_result_uniform;
+static double global_R_result_normal;
+static uint64_t *global_R_state = NULL;
+
+double *user_unif_rand()
+{
+	if (global_R_state == NULL) {
+		// if it's not seeded yet we seed it with 0
+		global_R_seed = 0;
+		lfsr113_seed(global_R_seed, &global_R_state);
+	}
+
+	uint32_t rand = lfsr113(&global_R_state);
+	global_R_result_uniform = rand * 2.3283064365387e-10;
+	return &global_R_result_uniform;
+}
+
+// see: https://stackoverflow.com/q/47824450/1154005
+Int32 _unscramble(Int32 scram)
+{
+	int j;
+	for (j=0; j<50; j++) {
+		scram = ((scram - 1) * 2783094533);
+	}
+	return scram;
+}
+
+// note that Int32 is "unsigned int" which is not necessarily 32 bit
+void user_unif_init(Int32 seed_in)
+{
+	global_R_seed = seed_in;
+	uint32_t useed = _unscramble(seed_in);
+
+	// destroy the previous state, we're reseeding the RNG
+	if (global_R_state != NULL) {
+		free(global_R_state);
+		global_R_state = NULL;
+	}
+	lfsr113_seed(useed, &global_R_state);
+}
+
+int *user_unif_nseed()
+{
+	return &global_R_nseed;
+}
+
+int *user_unif_seedloc()
+{
+	return (int *) &global_R_seed;
+}
+
+double *user_norm_rand()
+{
+	double u, v, z, x;
+	do {
+		u = *user_unif_rand();
+		v = 0.857764 * (2. * (*user_unif_rand()) - 1);
+		x = v/u;
+		z = 0.25 * x * x;
+		if (z < 1. - u)
+			break;
+		if (z > 0.259/u + 0.35)
+			continue;
+	} while (z > -log(u));
+	global_R_result_normal = x;
+	return &global_R_result_normal;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ * End of R code
+ *
+ */
+#endif
diff --git a/R/src/syncrng.c b/R/src/syncrng.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a8cf68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/src/syncrng.c
@@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+#ifdef TARGETPYTHON
+#include "Python.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef TARGETPYTHON
+#define STRICT_R_HEADERS
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <R.h>
+#include <Rinternals.h>
+#include <R_ext/Random.h>
+#include <R_ext/Rdynload.h>
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @brief Generate a single random number using the capped Tausworthe RNG
+ *
+ * @details
+ * This generates random numbers according to the process described in [1]. As 
+ * an additional step, the resulting random number is capped to 0xFFFFFFFF 
+ * using a bitwise and. This is done to yield the range [0, 2^32-1]. On 
+ * return, the state variables are updated.
+ *
+ * [1]: @article{l1996maximally,
+ *   title={Maximally equidistributed combined Tausworthe generators},
+ *   author={L’ecuyer, Pierre},
+ *   journal={Mathematics of Computation of the American Mathematical 
+ *   Society},
+ *   volume={65},
+ *   number={213},
+ *   pages={203--213},
+ *   year={1996}
+ *   }
+ *
+ * @param[in,out] state 	pointer to current state array
+ *
+ * @return a generated random number
+ */
+uint32_t lfsr113(uint64_t **state)
+{
+	uint64_t z1, z2, z3, z4;
+	uint64_t b;
+
+	z1 = (*state)[0];
+	z2 = (*state)[1];
+	z3 = (*state)[2];
+	z4 = (*state)[3];
+
+	b = (((z1 << 6) ^ z1) >> 13);
+	z1 = (((z1 & 4294967294) << 18) ^ b);
+
+	b = (((z2 << 2) ^ z2) >> 27);
+	z2 = (((z2 & 4294967288) << 2) ^ b);
+
+	b = (((z3 << 13) ^ z3) >> 21);
+	z3 = (((z3 & 4294967280) << 7) ^ b);
+
+	b = (((z4 << 3) ^ z4) >> 12);
+	z4 = (((z4 & 4294967168) << 13) ^ b);
+
+	b = (z1 ^ z2 ^ z3 ^ z4);
+
+	(*state)[0] = z1;
+	(*state)[1] = z2;
+	(*state)[2] = z3;
+	(*state)[3] = z4;
+
+	b = b & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+	return((uint32_t) b);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Seed the Tausworthe RNG using a seed value
+ *
+ * @details
+ * This function seeds the state array using a supplied seed value. As noted 
+ * in [1] (see lfsr113()), the values of z1, z2, z3, and z4 should be larger 
+ * than 1, 7, 15, and 127 respectively.
+ *
+ * @param[in] seed 	user supplied seed value for the RNG
+ * @param[out] state  	state of the RNG
+ */
+void lfsr113_seed(uint32_t seed, uint64_t **state)
+{
+	uint64_t z1 = 2,
+		 z2 = 8,
+		 z3 = 16,
+		 z4 = 128;
+
+	z1 = (z1 * (seed + 1));
+	z2 = (z2 * (seed + 1));
+	z3 = (z3 * (seed + 1));
+	z4 = (z4 * (seed + 1));
+
+	z1 = (z1 > 1) ? z1 : z1 + 1;
+	z2 = (z2 > 7) ? z2 : z2 + 7;
+	z3 = (z3 > 15) ? z3 : z3 + 15;
+	z4 = (z4 > 127) ? z4 : z4 + 127;
+
+	if (*state == NULL) {
+		(*state) = malloc(sizeof(uint64_t)*4);
+	}
+
+	(*state)[0] = z1;
+	(*state)[1] = z2;
+	(*state)[2] = z3;
+	(*state)[3] = z4;
+}
+
+#ifdef TARGETPYTHON
+/*
+ *
+ * Start of Python code
+ *
+ */
+
+static PyObject *_syncrng_seed(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	uint32_t seed;
+	uint64_t *state = NULL;
+<<<<<<< HEAD:new_R/src/syncrng.c
+=======
+
+	PyObject *dblObj;
+>>>>>>> python:new_python/src/_syncrng.c
+
+	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O", &dblObj))
+		return NULL;
+
+	seed = (uint32_t) PyLong_AsLong(dblObj);
+	lfsr113_seed(seed, &state);
+
+	PyObject *pystate = Py_BuildValue("[d, d, d, d, d]",
+			(double) state[0],
+			(double) state[1],
+			(double) state[2],
+			(double) state[3],
+			 -1.0);
+	free(state);
+	return pystate;
+}
+
+static PyObject *_syncrng_rand(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+<<<<<<< HEAD:new_R/src/syncrng.c
+	uint32_t i, value, numints;
+       	uint64_t *localstate;
+=======
+	int i;
+	uint32_t rand;
+	uint64_t *localstate = malloc(sizeof(uint64_t) * 4);
+>>>>>>> python:new_python/src/_syncrng.c
+
+	PyObject *listObj;
+	PyObject *dblObj;
+
+	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O!", &PyList_Type, &listObj))
+		return NULL;
+
+<<<<<<< HEAD:new_R/src/syncrng.c
+	// we're just assuming you would never pass more than 4 values
+	localstate = malloc(sizeof(uint32_t)*5);
+	numints = PyList_Size(listObj);
+	for (i=0; i<numints; i++) {
+		intObj = PyList_GetItem(listObj, i);
+		value = (uint32_t) PyLong_AsLong(intObj);
+		localstate[i] = value;
+	}
+
+	uint32_t rand = lfsr113(&localstate);
+	localstate[4] = rand;
+=======
+	for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
+		dblObj = PyList_GetItem(listObj, i);
+		localstate[i] = (uint64_t) PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(dblObj);
+	}
+
+	rand = lfsr113(&localstate);
+>>>>>>> python:new_python/src/_syncrng.c
+
+	PyObject *pystate = Py_BuildValue("[d, d, d, d, d]",
+			(double) localstate[0],
+			(double) localstate[1],
+			(double) localstate[2],
+			(double) localstate[3],
+			(double) rand);
+	free(localstate);
+	return pystate;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef SyncRNGMethods[] = {
+	{"seed", _syncrng_seed, METH_VARARGS,
+		"Seed the RNG."},
+	{"rand", _syncrng_rand, METH_VARARGS,
+		"Generate a single random integer using SyncRNG."},
+	{NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
+};
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+	static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = {
+		PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+		"_syncrng",
+		"Python interface to SyncRNG",
+		-1,
+		SyncRNGMethods,
+		NULL,
+		NULL,
+		NULL,
+		NULL
+	};
+#endif
+
+
+static PyObject *
+moduleinit(void)
+{
+	PyObject *m;
+
+	#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+	m = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
+	#else
+	m = Py_InitModule3("_syncrng", SyncRNGMethods,
+			"Python interface to SyncRNG");
+	#endif
+
+	return m;
+}
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+PyMODINIT_FUNC
+PyInit__syncrng(void)
+{
+	return moduleinit();
+}
+#else
+PyMODINIT_FUNC
+init_syncrng(void)
+{
+	moduleinit();
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef TARGETPYTHON
+
+/*
+ *
+ * Start of R code
+ *
+ */
+
+SEXP R_syncrng_seed(SEXP seed);
+SEXP R_syncrng_rand(SEXP state);
+
+R_CallMethodDef callMethods[] = {
+	{"R_syncrng_seed", (DL_FUNC) &R_syncrng_seed, 1},
+	{"R_syncrng_rand", (DL_FUNC) &R_syncrng_seed, 1},
+	{NULL, NULL, 0}
+};
+R_CMethodDef cMethods[] = {
+	{NULL, NULL, 0}
+};
+
+void R_init_myLib(DllInfo *info)
+{
+	R_registerRoutines(info, cMethods, callMethods, NULL, NULL);
+	R_useDynamicSymbols(info, TRUE);
+}
+
+// Set the seed for the generator from the reference class
+SEXP R_syncrng_seed(SEXP seed)
+{
+	int i;
+	double *pseed = REAL(seed),
+	       *pstate = NULL;
+	uint32_t useed = (uint32_t) *pseed;
+	uint64_t *state = NULL;
+
+	lfsr113_seed(useed, &state);
+
+	SEXP Rstate = PROTECT(allocVector(REALSXP, 5));
+	pstate = REAL(Rstate);
+	for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
+		pstate[i] = (double) state[i];
+	}
+	pstate[4] = -1.0;
+	free(state);
+
+	UNPROTECT(1);
+	return Rstate;
+}
+
+// get a random number from the reference class
+SEXP R_syncrng_rand(SEXP state)
+{
+	uint64_t *localstate = malloc(sizeof(uint64_t)*4);
+	double *pstate = REAL(state);
+	int i;
+	for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
+		localstate[i] = (uint64_t) pstate[i];
+	}
+
+	uint32_t rand = lfsr113(&localstate);
+
+	SEXP Rstate = PROTECT(allocVector(REALSXP, 5));
+	pstate = REAL(Rstate);
+
+	for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
+		pstate[i] = (double) localstate[i];
+	}
+	pstate[4] = (double) rand;
+	UNPROTECT(1);
+
+	free(localstate);
+
+	return Rstate;
+}
+
+/*
+ * The following code is used to make SyncRNG a real "user-defined" RNG 
+ * follwing .Random.user documentation.
+ *
+ */
+
+static uint32_t global_R_seed;
+<<<<<<< HEAD:new_R/src/syncrng.c
+static int global_R_nseed = 1;
+=======
+static uint32_t global_R_nseed = 1;
+>>>>>>> python:new_python/src/_syncrng.c
+static double global_R_result_uniform;
+static double global_R_result_normal;
+static uint64_t *global_R_state = NULL;
+
+double *user_unif_rand()
+{
+	if (global_R_state == NULL) {
+		// if it's not seeded yet we seed it with 0
+		global_R_seed = 0;
+		lfsr113_seed(global_R_seed, &global_R_state);
+	}
+
+	uint32_t rand = lfsr113(&global_R_state);
+	global_R_result_uniform = rand * 2.3283064365387e-10;
+	return &global_R_result_uniform;
+}
+
+// see: https://stackoverflow.com/q/47824450/1154005
+Int32 _unscramble(Int32 scram)
+{
+	int j;
+	for (j=0; j<50; j++) {
+		scram = ((scram - 1) * 2783094533);
+	}
+	return scram;
+}
+
+// note that Int32 is "unsigned int" which is not necessarily 32 bit
+void user_unif_init(Int32 seed_in)
+{
+	global_R_seed = seed_in;
+	uint32_t useed = _unscramble(seed_in);
+
+	// destroy the previous state, we're reseeding the RNG
+	if (global_R_state != NULL) {
+		free(global_R_state);
+		global_R_state = NULL;
+	}
+	lfsr113_seed(useed, &global_R_state);
+}
+
+int *user_unif_nseed()
+{
+	return &global_R_nseed;
+}
+
+int *user_unif_seedloc()
+{
+	return (int *) &global_R_seed;
+}
+
+double *user_norm_rand()
+{
+	double u, v, z, x;
+	do {
+		u = *user_unif_rand();
+		v = 0.857764 * (2. * (*user_unif_rand()) - 1);
+		x = v/u;
+		z = 0.25 * x * x;
+		if (z < 1. - u)
+			break;
+		if (z > 0.259/u + 0.35)
+			continue;
+	} while (z > -log(u));
+	global_R_result_normal = x;
+	return &global_R_result_normal;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ * End of R code
+ *
+ */
+#endif
diff --git a/R/tests/testthat.R b/R/tests/testthat.R
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1f5cc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/tests/testthat.R
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+library(testthat)
+library(SyncRNG)
+
+test_check("SyncRNG")
diff --git a/R/tests/testthat/first_1000_seed_0.txt b/R/tests/testthat/first_1000_seed_0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50aef45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/tests/testthat/first_1000_seed_0.txt
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diff --git a/R/tests/testthat/tests.R b/R/tests/testthat/tests.R
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59dc004
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/tests/testthat/tests.R
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+library(SyncRNG)
+context("SyncRNG unit tests")
+
+test_that("test_randi", {
+  s <- SyncRNG(seed=123456)
+  expect_equal(s$randi(), 959852049)
+  expect_equal(s$randi(), 2314333085)
+  expect_equal(s$randi(), 2255782734)
+  expect_equal(s$randi(), 2921461239)
+  expect_equal(s$randi(), 1024197102)
+})
+
+test_that("test_rand", {
+  s <- SyncRNG(seed=123456)
+  expect_equal(s$rand(), 959852049 /(2**32))
+  expect_equal(s$rand(), 2314333085/(2**32))
+  expect_equal(s$rand(), 2255782734/(2**32))
+  expect_equal(s$rand(), 2921461239/(2**32))
+  expect_equal(s$rand(), 1024197102/(2**32))
+})
+
+test_that("test_randbelow", {
+  s <- SyncRNG(seed=123456)
+  expect_equal(s$randbelow(5), 4)
+  expect_equal(s$randbelow(5), 0)
+  expect_equal(s$randbelow(5), 4)
+  expect_equal(s$randbelow(5), 4)
+  expect_equal(s$randbelow(5), 2)
+})
+
+test_that("test_shuffle", {
+  s <- SyncRNG(seed=123456)
+  x <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+  y <- s$shuffle(x)
+  expect_equal(y, c(3, 4, 1, 2, 5))
+})
+
+test_that("test_first_1000", {
+  s <- SyncRNG(seed=0)
+  fileName <- "./first_1000_seed_0.txt"
+  conn <- file(fileName, open="r")
+  linn <- readLines(conn)
+  for (i in 1:length(linn)) {
+	  exp <- as.numeric(linn[i])
+	  expect_equal(exp, s$randi())
+  }
+  close(conn)
+})
+
+printf <- function(...) invisible(cat(sprintf(...)));
+
+test_that("test_first_1000_unif", {
+  set.seed(0, 'user', 'user')
+  fileName <- "./first_1000_seed_0.txt"
+  conn <- file(fileName, open="r")
+  linn <- readLines(conn)
+  for (i in 1:length(linn)) {
+	  exp <- as.numeric(linn[i])
+      u <- as.numeric(runif(1)*(2**32 - 1))
+	  expect_equal(exp, u)
+  }
+  close(conn)
+})